.................................................................................................................................. i! Lay summary ......................................................................................................................... ii! Declaration ........................................................................................................................... iv! Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v! List of abbreviations and model parameters ................................................................. vi! 1! Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1! 1.1! Phylogeography ........................................................................................................ 1! 1.2! Alternative uses for genomic data – detecting selection .................................... 4! 1.3! The east coast of Australia: an ideal location for phylogeographic studies .... 6! 1.3.1! Barriers to dispersal along the east coast ....................................................... 7! 1.4! Comparative phylogeography ............................................................................. 11! 1.5! Studying a community .......................................................................................... 12! 1.6! Ecologically closed communities of herbivorous insects ................................. 16! 1.6.1! An example of an ecologically closed community: figs and fig wasps ... 16! 1.6.1.1! Fig development and the lifecycle of a fig wasp ................................. 20! 1.6.1.2! Ficus rubiginosa, Ficus obliqua, Ficus watkinsiana and their fig wasp inhabitants ................................................................................................................ 22! 1.7! Thesis Outline ......................................................................................................... 27! 1.7.1! Chapter 2: Whole genome sequencing on a community scale ................. 27! 1.7.2! Chapter 3: Profiling the demographic history of Pleistodontes nigriventris, the pollinator of Ficus watkinsiana ............................................................................. 28! 1.7.3! Chapter 4: Comparative phylogeography of the inhabitants from a geographically widespread fig wasp community .................................................. 28! 1.7.4! Chapter 5: General discussion ....................................................................... 28! 2! Chapter 2: Whole genome sequencing on a community scale ............................. 29! 2.1! Abstract .................................................................................................................... 29! 2.2! Introduction ............................................................................................................. 30! 2.2.1! Phylogeography using multiple loci ............................................................ 30! 2.2.2! Study system and design ............................................................................... 33! 2.2.3! Haplodiploidy ................................................................................................. 41! 2.2.4! Sample selection .............................................................................................. 42! 2.2.5! Objectives ......................................................................................................... 43! 2.3! Methods ................................................................................................................... 45! 2.3.1! Sample collection ............................................................................................ 45!